Annals of Medicine Research and Public Health (ISSN: 2995-5955) | Volume 5, Issue 1 | Review Article | Open Access DOI
Xanya Sofra*
City University, London, New School for Social Research, New York
*Correspondence to: Xanya Sofra
Fulltext PDFThe hallmarks of longevity are divided into 14 categories. Solutions to the aging process rely on current methodologies, remedies, and technologies, drawn from an extensive review of 242 scientific articles.
1. Inflammaging is interconnected with all hallmarks of aging. It disrupts the lymphatic and glymphatic systems, leading to accumulated toxicity and sleep disturbances. It compromises the function of the nervous system, causing chronic pain, fatigue and neurodegenerative diseases. It thickens and stiffens artery walls and adversely affects the functioning of all vital organs.
2. Oxidative Stress and DNA damage arise from internal cellular metabolism and external environmental factors.
3. Genomic instability refers to the high frequency of genetic changes and mutations occurring during cellular division.
4. Telomere Attrition is accelerated by inflammaging and oxidative damage as a result of chronic, dysregulated innate immunity bathing local tissues in persistent ROS and cytokines.
5. Epigenetic alterations, such as histone modification and DNA methylation, regulate gene expression.
6. Cellular senescence is the build-up of damaged cells over time, caused by stress and a weaker immune system that fails to clear them away.
7. Stem cell exhaustion in aging is not caused by the body failing to make stem cells. Instead, it results from toxic and inflammatory damage that builds up over time, including DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and epigenetic alterations.
8. Disabled macroautophagy stops cells from clearing out damaged parts. As a result, misfolded proteins clump together with healthy neighbor proteins and spread cellular damage
9. Disabled nutrient sensing is related to disruptions in metabolic pathways—such as mTOR, IIS, and AMPK—as well as Sirtuin proteins.
10. Dysbiosis and Hormonal Imbalance are listed together because they share similar symptoms and interacting functions. The gut microbiome helps process and regulate hormones such as estrogen and thyroid hormones, and is involved in the production of 90-95% of the body’s total serotonin.
11. Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Mitochondria convert dietary nutrients and stored fats from adipocytes into cellular energy (ATP).
12. Protein synthesis and folding are core components of proteostasis, which maintains the balance and integrity of the cellular protein network. Disruptions in this network lead to misfolded proteins, compromised cellular communication, and severe intracellular damage.
13. Faulty intracellular and intercellular communications are the result of disrupted chemical and physical signalling networks within and between cells.
14. Systemic desynchronization and the loss of body-mind synergy are proposed as an additional hallmark of longevity.
Xanya Sofra. The Biological Hallmarks of Longevity. Ann Med Res Pub Health. 2026;5(1):1-21.