International Clinical and Medical Case Reports Journal (ISSN: 2832-5788) | Volume 3, Issue 4 | Research Article | Open Access DOI
Syed Abdullah Haider*
Hashim Mahmood1, Hamza Javed2, Syed Abdullah Haider3, Abeeha Mahmood4, Muhammad Wali5
1MBBS, University College of Medicine and Dentistry, Pakistan, Medical Student
2MBBS, University College of Medicine and Dentistry, Pakistan, Medical Student
3MBBS, University College of Medicine and Dentistry, Pakistan, Medical Student
4MBBS, CMH, Medical College, Pakistan, Medical Student
5Assistant Proffesor Cardiology, University of Lahore Teaching Hospital, Pakistan
*Correspondence to: Syed Abdullah Haider
Fulltext PDFTetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a congenital heart defect characterized by four anatomical abnormalities: pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy. This comprehensive review examines the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of TOF. Pathologically, TOF results from an antero-cephalad deviation of the infundibular septum during fetal development, leading to the four defining features. Clinical presentation varies, including cyanosis, dyspnea, heart failure, and arrhythmias. Diagnosis relies on clinical evaluation, imaging (especially echocardiography), and cardiac catheterization. Early diagnosis is crucial for timely intervention. Surgical correction is the primary treatment, aiming to relieve right ventricular outflow tract obstruction and repair the ventricular septal defect. Surgical approaches include complete repair and palliative shunting, selected based on age, symptoms, and anatomy of patient. Postoperative care and long-term follow-up in these patients is crucial, monitoring for complications like pulmonary regurgitation, arrhythmias, and residual defects. A multi-disciplinary approach is required for the management of TOF patients. Early diagnosis, timely surgery, and comprehensive postoperative care are vital for improving outcomes and quality of life. Advances in surgical techniques and perioperative care have significantly improved TOF prognosis. However, lifelong follow-up are essential due to the risk of late complications. Further research into the long-term outcomes of different surgical strategies and the impact of newer interventions is needed to enhance TOF management further.
Hashim Mahmood, Hamza Javed, Syed Abdullah Haider, Abeeha Mahmood, Muhammad Wali. Tetralogy of Fallot: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. Int ClincMed Case Rep Jour. 2024;3(4):1-13.